작성자 : 임두빈 | 작성일 : 2014-02-28 22:36:26 | 조회수 : 2,631 |
국가 : 콜롬비아 | 언어 : 영어 | |
분야 : 스마트 시티 | ||
자료설명 : 콜롬비아 생태적 스마트 전자도시 패러다임 발전을 위한 연구 | ||
저자 : 고경호 | ||
저자소개 : 고경호 박사 콜롬비아 국립대학 |
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목차 : 1. Introduction 2. Challenges 3. Justification • 3.1 The Background between Colombia and South Korea • 3.2 Overview of Colombia • 3.3 Overview of South Korea 4. Object 5. Methodology • 5.1 A Study of Existing Cases-Relatedness and Nothingness • 5.2 Reality and Real-Test Bed for Ecological Smart City in Colombia • 5.3 The Perspective of Study • 5.2 The Process of Verification 6. Conclusion |
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1. Introduction Where the ghosts of the ancient times and prophesy of
the future spinning and circulating in the present days, men with machetes are
going through the mythical jungles looking for the edenic valley followed by
beautiful yet bare-footed women riding burros.
Among them, delightful laughs are thriving through in spite of pervading cruel
realities. Their passions are even more vigorous than the zestful colors of
their new world. I was 16 years old boy living on the opposite side of
the planet. And that was Colombia I
wanted to believe after a week of sleepless nights reading through One Hundred Years of Solitude. The
fantasies were real to me, and I wanted to become a part of that magical world.
That hope has never slipped away while I was studying
abroad in English-speaking countries for many years after I left South
Korea. My best friend was from Medellín
while I was studying painting in England.
When I was getting my
master’s degree in architecture in the US, there was a classmate from Bogotá,
who was also getting full scholarship like me. Her name was Liliana Garcia, niece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Considering
that I met them in 90’s, they were providing me with some “serious and
realistic” pieces of information about Colombia. However, instead of being
demoralized, the first thing I did was to register Spanish courses when I was
working at an architecture company in California preparing my visit to Colombia.
After I worked on the
ecological village projects in Costa Rica and Guatemala, I decided to travel
South America. Of course, the first destination was Colombia. While I was being
soaked with the charm of beautiful colonial villages in Colombia, I also
noticed that Colombia is moving fast to its new era. The government of Colombia
has been showing the strong attention to the digital urban development in South
Korea for the last two years. South Korea was the first country in the world,
which started the digital urbanism projects (called Ubiquitous City) since 2002.
The government and private sectors from South Korea have been very enthusiastic
about collaborating with Colombia. They
have been visiting Colombia numerous times working on this project, and I came
to involve with Daewoo Engineering & Construction and LG CNS for the smart
traffic system in Pasto and other intelligent city project in Colombia. Those chances served
me as an eye-opener. While I was working between South Koreans and Colombian
counterparts, I concluded that Colombia needs to bring about its own prototype before developing the digital intelligent urban projects
in Colombia. From my observation, it can
be the only way to keep the magic imbedded in the lives here while cities can
be evolved. I truly believe that it is the responsibility of the higher academic institutions that should investigate
the topic and help people enlightened before few can manipulate and set up
their own rules. 2.
Challenges In recent years,
cities in the world have undergone unprecedented urban challenges, such as the
extreme bipolarization of wealth and poverty, ever-drastically growing urban
population, inadequate supply of housing, massive waste production and its
disposal, air and water pollution, and the spread of transmissible diseases.
Many cities are in or expanding into areas prone to earthquakes, floods and
other natural disasters. No wonder there is a growing interest in long-term
sustainable and ecological systems, efficient urban mobility, smart disaster
prevention systems and rebuilding social support systems. And last but not
least, the diffusion of virtual space into everyday urban lives has not only
blurred the boundaries, it also suggests a new direction, i.e., the convergence
between physical and virtual space. The
benefit of the convergence is to overcome the limit of the existing physical conditions
through optimization and integration.
Ever since Mark Weiser initiated “Ubiquitous Computing” concept at Xerox
PARC in 1988, South Korea has completed 10 Ubiquitous cities as of 2010 under
this direction. Then Japan, United
Kingdom, Germany, Hong Kong, the US and Brazil are exploring this new direction
to deal with their urban challenges under name of Smart City or Intelligent
City. As the word
‘ubiquitous’ hints, “Ubiquitous City” is a smart city in which information
flows as if water or air among all urban structures for the optimum and
flawless management, and its residents have access to any and all services they
need from anywhere and at any time. Using Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)
technology, sensors are placed on all urban structures, house gadgets, roads,
water supply systems, parks, hospitals, offices and automobiles to collect
information and transmit them over Wireless Broadband network (WiBro or WiMAX). Then the virtual world can “aware” every
objects in the physical world and ready to interact and communicate with people
through the personal mobile device. This
all-pervasive information network allows for ubiquitous access to such
essential services as transportation, education, healthcare, crime prevention
and fire safety services from anywhere and at any time. ‘The movement has
already paid off handsomely for the cities in South Korea; they improved the
quality of welfare of the citizens; many of urban problems can be efficiently
resolved by the integrated system platforms; they could even successfully
foster the growth of related green industries.’ [1] 3.
Justification 3.1 The Background
between Colombia and South Korea ‘Colombia
and Korea established diplomatic relations on March 10th, 1962 and permanent
diplomatic representation at an ambassadorial level since 1973. Moreover, Colombia is known as the only
country from the region that participated in the Korean War and has been
supporting Korea’s position in the international stage. Under these circumstances, both countries
have experienced an amicable relationship, even more deepened by the Cultural
Agreement, Science and Technology Cooperation, and Trade Agreement which
entered into force on December 10th, 1986.
As Colombia and Korea have been devoted to promote their relations, both
countries also developed economic cooperation by inviting technical and
economic planning trainees and sending communication experts and mineral
resource explorers. Furthermore, Korea assisted the Colombian Electronic
Communication Institute from1989 to 1993 and is supporting a national
telecommunication project.’
[2] Thanks
to the increasing importance of economic and political ties, Colombian and
Korean authorities held meetings in recent years to find ways to build up our
current relationships, including the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between
Colombia and South Korea. 3.2 Overview of Colombia ‘With
a population of 45 million people, Colombia is the third most populous country
in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico. Colombia’s economy is the fifth
largest economy in Latin America. In the mean time, Colombia’s relatively
modest economic performance partly reflects the effects of a deep financial
crisis in 1998-99, which was preceded by a rapid expansion of domestic demand
financed by private capital inflows, and a subsequent sharp deterioration in
external financing conditions. However, in the aftermath of the 1998-99 crisis,
Colombia embarked on fiscal reform, adopted a flexible exchange rate regime,
and strengthened financial supervision and regulation. These efforts have
contributed significantly to the recent improvement in macroeconomic and
prudential indicators in the financial sector. Moreover in the recent years,
Colombia’s economy has stabilized benefitting from prudent fiscal management
and rising commodity prices.’
[3]
‘At the end of 2009, the Gross Domestic Product growth rate of Colombia was
230,844 million, which is the 35th largest in the world.’ [4] 3.3 Overview of South
Korea South
Korea was considered an underdeveloped agrarian country up until the 1960s.
However after adopting an export-oriented industrialization policy, it achieved
outstanding economic performance and transformed into an industrialized country
within a short period of time. ‘In 2009, Korea’s Gross Domestic Product at
current prices was US$ 832,512
million, which made it the 15th largest in the world
that year.’ [4] South
Korea has emerged as the most modern country in terms of the digital
urbanism. With the world’s 26th largest population (48,500,000) and the 2nd
most populous metropolitan area (20,550,000) in its very compact territory,
which is 1/11 to the territory of Colombia (South Korea: 100,210 km2, Colombia: 1,141,748 km2), South Korea has explored new
solutions to the urban problems with its advanced digital technologies. 5.
Object While I understand
that the urban areas in Colombia have to face the challenges from ever-rapidly
growing urban population, I am an ardent supporter for the efforts of
Colombians to keep the historical heritages.
Mirthfully, the ubiquitous digital urban development can be one of the
most relevant solutions to those somewhat conflicting issues. It maximizes the efficiency of the
infrastructure and creates new contents whereas restraining overdevelopment and
pollutions, which are possible through the flow of information among urban
infrastructures, homes and individuals by bringing balance back to our cities
and lives. Thus the object of the
investigation will start from defining the ubiquitous digital urban
technologies though the existing cases. Then the investigation will make the
test bed with various urban areas in Colombia in order to test the design
intervention embedded with cutting-edge digital technologies. The process will
be focused on how to bring the balance back between rather conflicting-looking
challenges, such as the traditional values and high-tech, the rich and the
poor, preservation of energy and efficient mobility, green environment and
development, etc. The investigation will
be carried out at the Colombian institution under the collaboration of academic
and government institutions from South Korea, where they’ve been investigating
the topic for years sponsored by the government of South Korea. In order to set
up the new urban paradigm shaped by the application of design and ubiquitous technology,
which will generate the ecological urban space in Colombia while enhancing the
quality its heritages, it is essential to full together different efforts among
different countries, different institutions, different disciplines. The new urban paradigm
will not only add an important asset to prepare for the cities of future in
Colombia, but it will also help to accomplish the green growth of the planet
through achieving economic growth in harmony with various urban issues
harnessing technological advances. 4.
Methodology 4.1 A Study of Existing Cases-Relatedness
and Nothingness In order to set up the
prototype of the digital urbanism in Colombia, it is inevitable to look at the
existing cases of digital urban development in South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Dubai, the US and other European countries. Among those countries, South Korea has developed the most
remarkable projects with the longest history (since 2002). I have been contacting to a couple of the prestigious universities, who are being sponsored by
the government of South Korea for the Ubiquitous Ecological Urbanism Project
(U-Eco City Project). One is
Sungkyunkwan University (owned by Samsung group), and the other one is national
KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technologies). They have been showing keen interests in the
alliance with higher academic institutions in Colombia. With their
collaboration, I would like to introduce the most successful current ubiquitous urban design
implementations, such as the smart urban mobility and logistics, digital
landscape, energy preservation systems, home RFID technology applications, the digital processing systems at government, banking and health facilities,
digital street security and disaster prevention systems, waste disposal and
recycling systems. Examples; It must be
worth studying how ubiquitous technology and its urban design implementation could
help South Korea to become the world second in trash recycling (72%) following Germany (75%) in such a short time. The recycling system is linked to the circuit of the main control center,
where they oversee the disaster prevention systems, the traffics, the security
of streets and the public space. ‘With help of RFID
technology, home applications can be controlled virtually, and those applications can start “aware”
the objects in the physical world.’ [5] Since the sensors and
cameras at home can detect the number and the movement of residents, the lights and
temperature are controlled to optimize the comforts and to save the energy more
efficiently. The refrigerator will tell you to use meat inside before the
expiration date, and it will call the grocery store for the delivery once you run out of milk.
The intrusion of buglers, any property damage, fire or other disasters detected
by sensors or camera will automatically be transmitted to the police, the
hospital, the fire station and the city control center. Following the introduction, there must be the process of through examinations of
the cases at the academic institution in Colombia if the case and each
application can be valid in Colombia.
With the help of other colleagues, students will be exposed to the
existing digital urban development cases then will be encouraged to analyze and
refine the most necessary parts through observation. Students and faculty will
validate the result insightfully under the collaboration of the experts from
different disciplines. In the process,
the disparity and similarity in urban conditions, climates, economic factors,
cultural values, geographic elements, historical heritages and political issues
will be comprehensively considered. 4.2 Test Bed for
Ecological Smart City in Colombia The case studies in
the previous phase will lead to the test bed experiment. The urban areas
fastidiously selected will become the platform, which should allow for
rigorous, transparent and replicable testing before the extensive design and
technology implementation. Having said that, the
most archetypal yet discrete areas in Colombia should be meticulously delved
for the competent test bed candidates. This process will include but not limited to; the examination of
historical heritage, the current urban policy and phenomena, Patrimonio Cultural, the urban mobility,
the geographical relations to the distribution of wealth as well as its hidden
logic and background. Appropriate data
and history behind the urban policies and phenomena in Colombia will be
collected to build the data base in order to make the
quintessential test bed in line with the past and the present. Among all the small
and big candidates, for instance, San Juan
de Girón in Santander seems to have appropriate potentials. Founded in 1631, it has currently about
150,531 residents. The dazzling
historical village has many remarkable colonial buildings and narrow cobble-stoned
streets. It is located within the metropolitan
proximity of Bucaramanga (9Km), and Bucaramanga has become the second city in
the Latin America to launch the wireless broadband system (WiMAX), which is
essential to set up digital urbanism. Girón still carries on
its amiable magical charm, but it is about to face somewhat discordant
challenges, such as development and sustainment. It certainly does not want to
be the “museum” of colonial buildings, but it should also evade the allurement
of the commercialism as well. Those old
buildings have to keep up the appeals of the contemporary while maintaining their
original beauty. Girón has to solve the
problem of parking, urban mobility, garbage disposal and recycling within its
very limited space. While its own
population is growing rapidly, the systems of education and health heavily depend upon Bucaramanga. The
river in front of the village is getting seriously polluted by residential
sewage, and it causes constant flood during rainy seasons. The area is running
short of its energy while it needs to preserve
the nearby wetlands, which supplies the water and could provide eco-tourism. Further research
should be carried out in order to design ecological ubiquitous urban
platform. However, the following
examples can be considered in the process but not limited: 1.
Residential Space A.
Design Intervention to Exiting Housing Space
to Integrate Smart Utilities for Living, Education, Security, Energy
Management, Entertainment with High-tech B.
Designing RFID Sensor Embedded Constructional
Material and Automation of Housing Construction C.
Designing Ecological Urban Farm Interacts Home
Applications and Community Applications D.
Designing Personal Mobile Device Protocols to
Communicate with Home Applications and Community Applications 2.
Public Space A. Designing Ecological
Ubiquitous Public Parking Space and Management System B.
Digital Design Intervention to Sewage
Treatment, Garbage Disposal and Recycling, Water Quality Control and Flood
Prevention Systems C.
Designing Digital Intelligent Street and
Traffic System for the Efficient Urban Mobility, Safety and Security using
street poles D.
Designing Devices to Improve Democracy Through
the Flow of Information, e.g., Two-way media poles E.
Designing Public Utilities in Urban Landscape
to Interact with Personal Mobile Device [6] In the test bed, those
issues will be examined to be paired with existing applications or with coming
applications. Then those issues and
applications should be redefined and reallocated in order to optimize the efficiency.
For instance, the solutions of the flood, sewage control, parking and security
can be designed as one integrated platform to interact with personal devices. In the end, every
solution should be integrated into one platform so that the digital network can
exchange and circulate every piece of information and even communicate
personally so that the entire home and urban site can be controlled more
efficiently and ecologically. 4.3 The Perspective of
Study The purpose of setting
up the study is not only about combining digital technology with construction
technologies. How the
technology can improve democracy? Can it
diminish the imbalance and disparity of the wealth? Can it enhance the magical charm of the
country instead of demolition? More
important, are there more to be accomplished through the urban design embedded
with technologies? These are not the
questions towards the technology itself. There is no evil or virtue in the technology itself. Only the strong will
in the design can make the difference. The quintessence is to
come up with new ideas how to harness cutting-edge technologies to serve the new
urban scheme. There is a device called
Digital Media Poles in the bustling streets of Seoul, South Korea. Those approx. 5 meter-heighted poles are covered with LED touch screen and two-way interactive digital media devices. The devices not only provide
useful information to the citizens, such as news
(national and local district), maps, weather, traffic, etc. They can even upload and
publish their inputs through their mobile phone using Bluetooth technology. I believe that that project is a fair example the urban design embedded
with technologies intervened the urban landscape of Seoul. Basically the
Digital Pole is just a 5 meter-heighted giant “smart phone”. However, the geographical location and the
easy interface brought an access to everyone passes by. The project initially was set up to connect
the citizens with other urban infrastructures. Then the citizens have started
developing other usages during uploading and downloading the devices. Some
agendas have started be posted, and people can cast vote. No doubt
this greatly contributes to the improvement of direct democracy. People have started creating the contents,
and the device became the convergence of digital and physical space. That should be the
perspective of the study. Under the
guide of the faculty, students will be encouraged to utilize digital media. The observation and analysis of case should
be encouraged to use digital media. With
help of digital media, they can combine and juxtapose different urban
phenomena. The test bed experiment and verification should also be carried out
digitally. The validity will be verified through digital simulation. The
students will be encouraged to construct digital networks in order to create
digital citizenship so that they can measure the impact from their test beds. This
is not only to overcome the physical limits, but also to generate digital
thinking. The process will become the
object itself for many of them though expanding their scopes of design area. This perspective will create new and
alternative contents, which will enrich the urban lives in the era of digital. 4.4 The Process of
Verification The vigorous investigation of the test bed should be completed by the
cross-examination. After carrying out Ubiquitous Urban
Development for the last 10 years in South Korea, they
realized that they needed collateral efforts to create new urban paradigms so that they developed U-City department as postgraduate level at universities in
South Korea. They scouted professors and
students from architecture, information technology, civil engineering, digital
media, urban designing, etc. The cross-examination will be carried out through the alliance and invitation
to different disciplines, such as civil engineering, Information and
communication technologies, urban anthropology, etc. On top of that, the process will be propelled by the alliance of U-City departments from those two Korean
institutes, Sungkyunkwan University and Korea Advance Institute of Science and
Technologies under the mutual understanding with the
institute in Colombia. Under the guide of the
faculty, students will be grouped and paired with the groups from South Korea.
They will create learn from each other through the collaboration and also
create competition. During the course of
the collaboration and competition, students and faculties will communicate
through various digital media for the verification of the test beds. Once the most
exquisite and discreet test bed and its observation is selected, the field
research should be carried out through visiting each other. Depending on the process of the investigation, I am planning to invite
several private and government sectors. (I have to think more about the field
research part.) 5.
Conclusion: Delivering Strange and Wonderful The ultimate goal of the investigation is to
provide the most pleasant and enjoyable life space to the citizens of Colombia
while keeping and enhancing its transcendental magic embedded. In other words, digital technology integrated
to new urban design schemes should embrace the cultural and ecological heritage
of Colombia so that cultural heritage and the balance of surrounding ecology
can enhance the quality of lives urban area instead of being wiped out for the
sake of development. In many developing
countries in the world have lost those most valuable assets while industrialization. However the mistake does not have to be
repeated in Colombia thanks to the new paradigm. Now Colombia can build
its new paradigm of the future under the effort
of global alliance. Eventually Colombia should share insights, technologies and
experience through the accomplishment of its new urban paradigm, and I hope
that this investigation can work as the bridge to bring all the wisdom and
strengths to accelerate the bright future for all. References
Ministry of Land, Transport & Maritime
Affair, S. Korea, "U-City for Green
Growth” p.14 U-City, Feb. 2010.
Soul National University, "Feasibility Study" Korea-Colombia FTA, August. 2009. [3] Soul National University, "Feasibility Study" Korea-Colombia FTA, August. 2009. [4] World Bank, "World Development Indicators database" The World Bank, September. 2010. [5] Samsung SDS, "South Korea’s Home of the Future" AFP, Mar.
2007. [6] Modified from Sung Kim “Intelligent Urban
Space and Management” U-Eco City Publication, pp. 17-23,
July, 2010 |
이전글 | Oxfarm America 2011-2012 연간 보고서 |
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다음글 | Politica Internacional e Integracion Regional Comparada en America Latina |